Species that appear on more than one of the lists below: (listed in order of how many of our lists they've appeared on, then by Martin Crawford's rating) Key: Cultivar (our lists it appears on = total number of lists) | Martin Crawford's rating CANOPY 1. Apple (original, windbreak - crab (i.e. Hyslop), alkaline, d&j =4) | Excellent 2. Siberian Pea (windbreak, alkaline, d&j, nitrogen =4) | Good 3. Plums, Gages, *Damsons* (original, windbreak - damsons, d&j =3) | Excellent 4. Elder (windbreak, alakline, d&j = 3) | Very Good 4.5 Dogwood, Corneilian Cherry, cornus mas, (original, alkaline, d&j =3) (but flowers very early, in Feb) | Very Good 5.6 Italian Alder (d&j, nitrogen =2) | Excellent 5.7 Autumn Olive (d&j, nitrogen =2) | Excellent 5.8 Chesnut (Josef, Alastair =2) | Excellent 6.9 Service Tree (alkaline, d&j =2) | Very Good 6.10 Tibetan Whitebeam (alkaline, d&j =2) | Very Good 6.11 Pear (original, Josef =2) | Very Good 6.12 Sour Cherry, morello (original, d&j = 2) | Very Good 7.13 Quince (original, d&j =2) | Good 7.14 Fig (alkaline, d&j =2) | Good 7.15 Red Buds (alkaline, nitrogen =2) | Good ---- Species that JOSEF really thinks we should grow - and why: 8.16 Medlar - historically very popular, grown on hawthorn rootstock tolerant of all soils, tolerates a lot of shade, late flowering so good for frost, starts fruiting in 2-3 years, bee plant, no maintenance or pests/ diseases | Excellent 8.17 Hawthorns - good for hedges/ windbreaks, very shade tolerant, alkaline, "some of there fruiting species deserve a place in almost every forst garden!" | Excellent 8.18 Limes/ Lindens - "one of my most-used salad plants", bee plant, coppiced branches can be used for firewood or growing fungi, leaves rich in minerals - act like a green manure tree with leaf litter rapidly improving soil conditions, makes a nice pesto, very shade tolerant | Excellent 8.19 Snowbell Tree / Silverbell Tree - "produces a really good crop of young crunchy fruits with a cucumber/ pea-like flavour; great in salads and pickles", good bee plant, flowers edible in salads too | Excellent 8.20 Sea Buckthorns - originates from well-drained sites, tolerant of frosts, good bee plant and nitrogen fixer, good for hedging | Excellent 8.21 Bay - "most people use bay leaves but few realise how easy it is to grow a bay tree. It fits very well into a forest garden environment too. It is easy to include in the shrub layer too, being shade tolerant", oil from seed is used in soaps and as an insect repellant, can be included in hedges - tolerant of trimming | Excellent 8.22 Pepper Trees - "my favourite spice plants in my own forest garden. Easy to grow and highly productive", bee plants, young leaves used for flavouring and pickles | Excellent 9.23 Mulberries - "great fruiting trees, reliable and with wonderful fruits: no forest garden should be without one (at least!)", leaves can be cooked and eaten, misses and frost, unfussy to soil, Russian Mulberry used in windbreaks | Very Good 9.24 Sumachs - used to make a lemony drink "sumach lemonade", levaes high in tannis and good for dyeing yellow to brown and mordanting | Very Good And a bunch of maybes too: 10.25 Sweet Cherry - yummy, bee plant (but somewhat susceptible to late-sprint frosts) | Very Good 10.26 Japanese Plum - good as climate warms (but flower early) | Very Good 10.27 Blue Bean - "fine, delicate, melony flavour", pod skins contain latex and have been used as a rubber source | Very Good 10.28 Elaeagnus x ebbingei - tolerates deep shade, "nice early nibble", evergreen and very good for hedges, bee plant, nitrogen fixer | Very Good 10.20 Cherry Plum & Mirabell - "worth a place if you have space, as they pretty much look after themselves", unfussy, bee plant, hedges and windbreaks | Very Good 10.30 Hazels - "easy to grow and not too large, these deserve a place in all squirrel-free forest gardens", poles and firewood from coppicing, not heavy feeders | Very Good 10.31 Heartnut - "has fantastic potential in the UK... faster growing and less frost-prone than true walnuts, yet they readily bear nuts of similar quaility. The huge foliage makes them look quite tropical", hulls can be used for dyeing a range of brown and tan colours, sap can be tappped and used like maple sap. BUT: alleopathic like walnut | Very Good 10.32 Walnut - "tastiest nuts to grow...hulls can be used for dyeing a range of brown and tan colours, sap can be tappped and used like maple sap", alkaline. BUT: alleopathic againsts apples, beans, tomatoes. Croppin walnuts need feeding | Very Good 10.33 Black Locust/ False Acacia - nitrogen, "one of the most widely grown timber trees in the world, with quality timber like oak", bears flowers that bees love, leaves are insecticidal, leaves small and lets through lots of light | Very Good Eucalyptus - "as a medicinal tree they are very valuable, and the occasional tree in a forest garden will enhance diversity" | Good Peach? - good to have as climate warms, bee plant (but susceptible to late-frost damage and peach leaf curl) | Good Persimmons - delicious, very late ripening, will get better as climate warms - Date plum and American Persimmons already fruit well here, bee plant, unripe fruits highg in tannins and can be used for tanning and dyeing | Good Pecans - yum, flower late spring/ early summer, edible sap tapped like maple syrup, hard timber, | Good Almonds - delicious "it is possible to grow your own almonds in the UK!", get better as climate warms | Good Chinese Cedar - "bears delicious young foliage which a strong onion/ garlic-like flavour" | Good Wattle - nitrogen, good bee plant in late winter/ early spring | Good Amur Maackia - nitrogen, hardy, good timber, bark being investigated for anti-cancer chemicals | Good Wax Myrtle - nitrogen, prefers acid soil :-/ but be great to be able to make wax! bee plant, fruits and leaves can be used a flavouring ---- SHRUBS Blackberry (original, windbreak, alkaline = 3) | Gooseberry (original, windbreak =2) | ---- Species that fix nitrogen: Autumn Olive Siberian Pea Italian Alder Red Buds Wattle Amur Maackia Wax Myrtle Black Locust/ False Acacia Elaeagnus x ebbingei ---- Species on the DEBORAH and JOSEF selections: Apple Fig. Brown Turkey, Brunswick, White Marseille. 3 -6 m high, 4-5 wide. Siberian Pea (caragana arborescens). Legume, nitrogen fixing. 2-3 m high, 2 m wide Damsons (Farleigh, Merryweather) St Julian rootstock, 3.5 – 4.5 m high and wide. Myrobalan rootstock, 6-7m high and wide. Plum (possibly greengage, Ouillins Golden Gage?) Cherry Cornus mas (Cornelian cherry). Varieties: Elegant, Gourmet, Jolico. 6m high, 4-5 m wide. Cherry. Morello. 3.5m high and wide Elder (sambucus nigra). 4-6m high, 4-5 m wide. Service Tree (Sorbus domestica) 10 m high, 6 m wide Tibetan Whitebeam (Sorbus thibetica) 10-15 m high and wide Italian Alder (Alnus cordata) Nitrogen fixing Quince (Cydonia oblonga) Krymsk, Serbian Gold. 3-5 m high and wide Autumn olive (Eleagnus umbellata) Nitrogen fixing. 4-6m high and wide. and Red Bud and Judas Tree (cercis) Legume, nitrogen fixing. 5m high, 5 m wide creeped in (by mistake?) ---- Species on the ALKALINE list: http://files.uniteddiversity.com/United_Diversity/Quadrangle_Forest_Garden/Alkaline_Tolerant_Trees_and_Fruit.txt Apple of the 11 cultivars that are known to be alkaline tolerant 4 actually prefer chalk soils; Barnack Beauty Sport Barnack Orange Red Charles Ross Saint Everard Walnuts Blackberry - good at filling out both top and bottom of windbreaks Fig Siberian Pea - windbreak Redbuds Cornelian Cherry Hazel - doesn't need as much protection as insect-pollinated trees Hawthorns - windbreak/ good dense hedge when clipped, and leafs early Beech - native windbreak, keeps leaves through winter if hedge clipped to 2m or less Junipers Holm Oak Black Locust Elders - windbreak (but can take over a hedge if allowed to grow unchecked) Rowan - tough native windbreak Whitebeams Service Trees Yews ---- Species on the WINDBREAK and thickening out bottoms of HEDGES list: Worcesterberry Blackberry - good at filling out both top and bottom of windbreaks Ramanas rose Gooseberry (where only moderate winds are expected) Elaeagnus (various kinds, Autumn Olive sounds great) Damson (apparently Myrobalan (vigorous) is indeed alkaline tolerant, 6-7m high and wide) Crab apple Mulberry (marginally more wind tolerant, like Hazel, due to being wind- and not insect-pollinated) Elders - windbreak (but can take over a hedge if allowed to grow unchecked) Siberian Pea - windbreak ---- Species on ORIGINAL list from FIRST MEETING: http://files.uniteddiversity.com/United_Diversity/Quadrangle_Forest_Garden/Meeting_Notes/2010_12_09_Notes%20from%20Meeting%20Forest%20Garden.doc CANOPY SPECIES (TREES AND LARGE SHRUBS): Quince Apple (Russets and Blenhem Orange) Plum, Gages, Damsons Pear Cherry SHRUB SPECIES Gooseberry Red and White Currant Goji Berry Blackberry (thornless) Boysen Berry